> We finally observed signals of selection for combinations of alleles
that today are associated with three correlated behavioural traits:
scores on intelligence tests (increasing γ = 0.74 ± 0.12), household
income (increasing γ = 1.12 ± 0.12) and years of schooling (increasing
γ = 0.63 ± 0.13). These signals are all highly polygenic, and we have
to drop 449–1,056 loci for the signals to become non-significant
(Extended Data Fig. 10). The signals are largely driven by selection
before approximately 2,000 years )*, after which γ tends towards zero
Presumably pressure in different regions lead to different combinations of those alleles, which I think they are shorthanding a bit, but the fact that those alleles exist makes blank slate theory a kind of rough assumption
It is important to consider that these alleles are merely correlated to behavior and are not proved to be causal of any behavior. For example, maybe you sample bankers in NYC. You can probably assume you'd get a lot of perhaps semitic genetic background in this dataset. Now, would you conclude that Jewish people have some inherent gene that makes them want to be bankers like a moth to a lamp? Maybe you would. But more likely situation is that people tend to follow the profession of people in their lives who work that profession and can inform them about it, and for centuries there were real legal restrictions in a lot of places preventing anyone but jews from being allowed to charge interest. So, pretty good odds today as a jew you know someone who works in finance and can help at least to some degree point you towards that field.
So really when you say select for household income among western populations, it might be hard to actually find any real signal that is actually causal that isn't due to simple demographic and historical reasons, due to the lack of power you have in sampling rare demographics within a given category such as high income.
No, this paper doesn't seem to talk about regional differences. The implication seems to be that it wouldn't be surprising to find differences between groups that separated more than 2kya, as there was active changes going on before that time. Not that it predicts any specific differences
> If anything they seem to support homogenization of intellectual capacity/mental health in Eurasia since 2kya.
I would be interested in how you came to that conclusion, unless I'm misleading your post and you specifically mean West Eurasia
> Just because an allele, SNP, or trait swept into or out of West Eurasia during this time doesn’t mean this happened only in West Eurasia. Researchers can use the new computational methods to look for directional selection in other populations worldwide that have enough ancient DNA sequences and construct a clearer picture of what’s unique to different groups and what generalizes across populations.
> Reich expects that future studies will show that shared selective pressures acted on some of the same core traits across diverse human groups, even as those groups split off and migrated to different parts of the world over tens of thousands of years.
There is a graph arguing “intelligence” has been positively selected in west Eurasian population in this paper according to a polygenic score (page 8 fig. 4)
Now I would be quite curious to know how they constructed this polygenic score
What I want to get rid of is all the "Mix" videos. I never look at them, I have zero interest in watching a stream of stuff chained together by an algorithm or whatever. But, unlike single videos, under the three dots there's no option "Not interested" or "Don't recommend". I can't get rid of them.
A friend (who has unfortunately passed away) owned, together with his father, just about every opera CD ever made (his father worked in RAI (Radiotelevisione Italiana) and was also an opera fanatic). So, in order to get more opera he used to go to opera performances and record them. When the season opened he would go regularly to e.g. La Scala in Milan, and record the performances. That wasn't actually allowed, but the people there knew him and they knew why he did it (for personal use only), and let him in. To be at the best recording place he would have to get a seat in a section which required that he wore a suit, so he would often wear a smoking - which he actually hated, but he could put a microphone on each collar and get a stereo recording. In the nineties he used a DAT recorder.
There was a Swizz cloud backup system existing until some years ago.. can't recall the name but it started with a 'V'. They also encrypted the files on the client side before transmission, but the files were encrypted with their own md5sum or some such as key, and therefore similar files from different systems, encrypted, could still be de-duplicated across their whole system.
Interesting! I can picture how the clients could calculate a hash prior to encryption and that would let the server know those files have the same contents once decrypted but how would that let them save on disk space? They still can’t see the contents of the file itself even if they know it’s the same so how could they deduplicate the storage? If they drop either one they are just left with a single encrypted version using only one clients key which they can’t serve up to anyone else.
I assume they had a kind of pool for files, and a system linking files (or should I say "blobs" to each client's directory layout. Kind of like if I have a disk with different subdirectories, I could run a tool (which do exist) to find duplicates, and delete all except one copy, and hardlink the rest to that one.
As for the cloud storage system, the files were, as mentioned, stored in an encrypted form, using a hash of the original file as key (possibly md5, possibly something else, I can't recall that at the moment). Which the cloud provider didn't know, but the client's application would know it. The encrypted file is provided to (every) client, every client can decrypt it because the clients keep the encryption keys (the original hashes, one for every file).
The details of that I don't have anymore, there used to be a document describing the whole thing. I probably got rid of all of that after they stopped the service (which I used for several years, with no issues).
>File changes within .git directories occur far too often[..]
That's a crazy statement. The cloud backup system I use can be configured to how often it should bother even looking for new files, and for the section where I have my .git repos (they're actually "bare" git repos and I push to them, locally) I've set it to every two hours. Which is actually overkill because they absolutely do not change that quickly.
Professional? We indeed use git at the company where I work, but there we have a dedicated backup system used by professionals. No BB involved.
I, on the other hand, as a private consumer, use git for all my hobby projects and note-taking. And my language learning. Of course I do, or I couldn't keep track of what I'm doing over the years, and I wouldn't be able to sort things out. There's nothing professional there, are BB saying that if you try to do something in an orderly and controlled manner, then it's "professional" and shouldn't be backed up? If that's their stance then no wonder people are leaving BB. I for sure won't ever recommend them again.
Same - on one of my computers (Linux, btw) the only directories in the list of directories to back up are .git directories. That's what I'm concerned with, so that's what I back up. And it works just fine, with my provider.
I've used them for mostly dedicated tasks, at least the RPi3 and older. I've used the RPi3 as CUPS servers at a couple of sites, for a few printers. Been running for many years now 24/7 with no issues. As I could buy those SBCs for the original low price and the installation was a total no-brainer, I would never consider using any kind of mini PC for that.
I have a couple of RPi4 with 8GB and 4GB RAM respectively, these I have been using as kind-of general computers (they're running off SSDs instead of SD cards). I've had no reason so far to replace them with anything Intel/AMD. On the other hand they can't replace my laptop computer - though I wish they could, as I use the laptop computer with an external display and external keyboard 100% of the time, so its form factor is just in the way. But there's way too little RAM on the SBCs. It's bad enough on the laptop computer, with its measly 16GB.
I built a nice little cyberdeck around an RPi 5 but it's turned out to be very disappointing. I was counting on classic X11's virtual display stuff to enable a 1080x480 screen to be usable with panning (virtual 720p or something, just a cool vertical pan). Problem is, the X11 support sucks, and so there's almost no 2D acceleration, so this simple thing that used to work great on a 486 with an ATI SVGA doesn't work very well at all on a machine a thousand times faster. Wayland has of course no support for a feature like this one, so I'm stuck with a screen too narrow to use, and performance for everything else that's pretty sub-par.
Aah, I had totally forgotten about that X11 feature, I did use it for something very many years ago.
I have only used the default setup (which is presumably Wayland) on the Pi, looks good but I don't actually use display features much.
I believe the Japanese private rail companies also own the lines where their traffic is. This would explain a lot. There are other countries (including my native one) where the trains are run by one company and the lines are owned by another. This does.not.work. For what seems like obvious reasons. There's no economic gain for the owner of the infrastructure to spend money, quite the opposite in fact.
The interesting thing is how the EU railway policy just keeps plowing ahead trying to impose the "vertical separation" approach in the EU, despite the disastrous results from the UK experience (and some EU countries to a somewhat lesser extent, so far the UK seems to be the only example of going all-in on that approach).
Most EU countries have adopted the approach of putting the infrastructure company and the public train company under the same holding company, which is sort-of the minimum that EU regulations demand. In practice, in many countries the previous national rail company (under whatever conglomerate structure it may be operating under today) is fiercely protective of its own turf and tries to prevent new entrants, and digging their heels in implementing EU railway competition regulations. So complying with the letter of the law, but does everything in its powers to not comply with the spirit.
Then again, given the UK experience of going all-in on the "vertical separation" and privatization path, perhaps one shouldn't blame them.
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